Seed Unit

	Objectives.
	Work approach.
	Afghanistan.
		I.1 The Country I.2 Population
	The Economy
		II.1General Conditions II.2 Economics of the Rural Population
	Agriculture.
		III.1 Physical Conditions III.2 Farming Systems and Land Use III.3 Primary Crops III.4 Cropping Patterns III.5 Cropping Seasons/Dates III.6 Cropping Conditions III.7 Agricultural Research III.8 Farmers and Improved Technology
	Development of seed supply.
		IV.1 Development of Seed Systems IV.2 Seed Certification IV.3 Seed Purification and Improvement Department IV.4 Seed Research IV.5 Breeder Seed IV.6 Foundation (Basic) Seed IV.7 Government Involvement in Seed IV.8 Government Seed Supply and Distribution IV.9 Seed Legislation and Policy IV.10 Government Agency Responsible IV.11 Seed Testing IV.12 Government Support and Incentives
	Seed use and supply.
		V.1 Seed Use V.2 Condition of Needs for Seed V.3 Identifying Total Seed Needs V.4 Seed Supply and Requirements V.5 Improved Seed Enterprise (ISE) V.6 ISE-Kabul V.7 Field Seed Production Conditions V.8 Seed Harvest and Conditioning V.9 Seed Marketing and Distribution V.10 Agricultural Extension
	Emergency intervention in seed.
		VI.1 Emergency Seed Situation in Beneficiary Villages VI.2 Emergency Seed Supply in Spring, 2002
	Social needs and considerations.
		VII.1 Social objectives VII.2 Afghanistan's socio-economic status VII.3 Livelihoods analysis approach to rehabilitating the Afghan rural sector VII.4 Channeling aid VII.5 Short- and long-term integration VII.6 Assessment of future aid programs to ensure coverage VII.7 A focused approach for appropriate seed relief VII.8 Ethnic considerations VII.9 Health care VII.10 Equitable access to land VII.11 Risk of widening food insecurity and livelihood gaps VII.12 Community-based approach VII.13 Rural economic stimulus package VII.14 Climate and re-forestation
	Informal seed sector.
		VIII.1The Informal Sector VIII.2 Informal Sector Normally Serves Low-Income Farmers VIII.3 Amount of Seed From the Informal Sector rurIal sector VIII.4 Sources of Stock Seed VIII.5 Organization and Technical Assistance VIII.6 ICARDA's Approach to the Informal Sector VIII.7 Impact on Wheat Diversity VIII.8 Early Observations on Afghan Crops VIII.9 Introduction of Modern Crop Varieties in the 1990's VIII.10 The Present-Day Informal Seed Sector VIII.11 Contrasting Informal Wheat Seed Sector in Pakistan and Afghanistan VIII.12 Improving variety acceptance through on-farm trial design and interpretation VIII.13 Present Biodiversity Levels and Informal Seed Sector Techniques in wheat and Other Cropping Systems VIII.14. Sample Farmer Interview with Mr. Juma Khan, Bamiyan Center VIII.15. Wheat Variety Turnover VIII.16. Potentially Useful Parameters VIII.17. Continuing Needs
	Potato and potato seed.
		IX.1 Present Status IX.2 Potato Seed Systems IX.3 Constraints to Potato Production
	A market economy-the basic need.
		X.1 Current situation X.2 Family food and land requirements X.3 The need-increased per-capita rural income X.4 Market economy X.5 Generating increased farm family production income X.6 Establishing a market economy V.7 Market potential and opportunities
	Rapid assessment survey of Afghan farmers.
		XI.1 The survey XI.2 Survey methods XI.3 Results and discussion XI.4 Conclusions
	Strategy and approaches for improvement.
		XII.1 Strategy for Improving Seed Supply and Use XII.2 Strategy for Creating a Useful Informal Sector XII.3 Strategy for Human Resource Development XII.4 Strategy for Rapid Upgrade of Processing and Storage XII.5 Strategy for Quality Control XII.6 Standards XII.7 Immediate Strategy for Seed Storage and Transport XII.8 Strategy on the Functions of ISE XII.9 Strategy for Improving Potato Seed XII.10 Social Strategies XII.11 Plan of Action
	REFERENCES CITED
	ANNEXES
		Annex I. The Afghan Seed Company Articles of Association Annex II. Contacts and Interviews Annex III. Survey Questionnaires (PDF File 215Kb)