Constraints to Improving Productivity
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Cold on chickpea. |
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Insect pests on chickpea pods. |
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Hessian fly damage. Mild Moroccan winters can permit up to three generations of Hessian fly to hatch out each year. This is second generation damage caused by feeding larvae cutting off the flow of nutrients to the undeveloped ears of wheat. Losses average about a third of potential. |
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The Hessian fly is a major pest of all types of wheat in North Africa, from Morocco to Tunisia, in Spain and even in the USA where it was imported during the War of Independence. It lays its eggs on the leaves of wheat plants and the larvae hatch to feed on the flow of vital nutrients to the ear. |
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Attractive but deadly. This weed, called Orobanche, can completely wipe out lentil and faba bean fields. |
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The cowpea aphid, tiny but destructive. The cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora), the main vector which transmits the virus to faba bean after feeding on virus-infected legumes such as cowpea or French bean. |
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Faba bean necrotic yellows virus in a farmer’s field in the Fayoum Governorate of Egypt. The virus caused 60- 90% yield losses in Middle Egypt in 1991/1992 and 1998/1999 growing seasons. |
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Symptoms of faba bean necrotic yellows virus infection on a young faba bean plant. |
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Genes for resistance to yellow rust are being incorporated at ICARDA to develop improved wheat cultivars ( left ). The susceptible cultivars, grown in the same field (right), were severely damaged by yellow rust. |
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Sunn Pest—not a sight that a wheat grower wants to find in his crop in the CWANA countries. |
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Feeding leads to loss of nutrients to the leaves and ears leading to up to 90% devastation in severe outbreaks of Sunn Pest. However, even low-scale damage can ruin the breadmaking capabilities of wheat. |
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Chickpea leaflets damaged by leaf miner larvae. |
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Attractive but deadly, these flowering spikes are often the first warning the farmer has of the presence of orobanche. By then it is too late and up to 100% of lentil yield can be lost. |
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Ascochyta blight seen on chickpea leaves |
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Sources of resistance to yellow rust in new wheat germplasm from the CIMMYT/ICARDA wheat program. |
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Yellow rust in wheat in Eritrea. Widespread disease in Eritrea results in serious yield losses. |
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When they occur simultaneously in wheat fields, drought and cold stress cause severe yield losses in susceptible cultivars, as shown here. |
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Sunn pest adults feeding on a wheat spike. |
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Effects of intermittent drought on lentil in Nepal in 2001. |
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Lentil: Terminal drought in Southeast Anatolia, in Turkey, in 1999/2000. |
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Heavy Sunn pest infestation on a wheat spike. |
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Screening chickpea lines for resistance to Fusarium wilt in a wilt-sick plot in Ethiopia. The susceptible control, middle, wilted and turned yellow, while the resistant lines planted left and right faired much better. |
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Sources of resistance to yellow rust in new wheat germplasm from ICARDA. |
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Anther culture, a biotechnological tool used by certain NARS and by CIMMYT/ICARDA in the spring bread-wheat program to develop Hessian-fly and drought-tolerant bread wheat germplasm. |
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Wheat pests and diseases. An example of this; three double-haploid bread-wheat lines developed using the anther culture technique. This material seen at the J'maat Shaim station of the Moroccan national research organization, INRA, under a natural infestation of hessian fly. |
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Wheat pests and diseases. Common bunt, an important
seedborne disease in farmers' fields in |
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Wheat pests and diseases. Septoria triticae. septoria strikes mainly in higher-rainfall areas of WANA. |
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Wheat pests and diseases. Loose smut, another important seed-borne disease. |
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Wheat pests and diseases. Yellow rust, a devastating
foliar disease, especially in |
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Wheat lines with different vernalization-sensitivity at Tel Hadya in summer . The green plants have excessive temperature-sensitivity and will never flower, while the yellow, early, lines are insensitive to vernalization and will flower. Both the national programs and CIMMYT-ICARDA use these techniques of exposing germplasm to different photoperiods and temperatures to identify germplasm with insensitivity to these factors. |
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Lentil in |
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